Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatment developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro in the 1980s. This unique form of therapy has been extensively researched and proven effective for the treatment of trauma. But what is the science behind this innovative form of therapy?
Understanding EMDR Therapy
EMDR is grounded in the empirical approach and theoretical models, evident through the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model which underpins the therapy. AIP model suggests that the mind can naturally heal itself, much like the physiological body. Distress and conditions such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occur when a traumatic event disrupts this natural healing process. EMDR aims to kickstart the stuck or blocked information processing system.
Phases of EMDR Therapy
EMDR follows a structured eight-phase approach, including history taking, preparation, assessment, desensitization, installation, body scan, closure, and reevaluation. The direct involvement of eye movement or other types of bilateral sensory input, such as hand-tapping and audio stimulation, happen primarily during the desensitization, installation, and body scan phases.
EMDR and the Brain
Bilateral stimulation, especially eye movements, appears to interact with the brain’s “fear center”: the amygdala and the hippocampus. Amygdala is responsible for detecting threats and creating emotional responses, whereas the hippocampus is involved with forming and storing memories. When a traumatic event is experienced, it might overwhelm the normal cognitive and emotional coping mechanisms.
Research indicates that EMDR can help the brain to reprocess traumatic memories, reducing their impact and helping individuals to develop more adaptive coping mechanisms. The alternating left-right stimulation of the brain with eye movements, sounds or taps during EMDR, also known as bilateral stimulation, may cause a similar effect to that which occurs naturally during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This might help the brain to process the traumatic memories, and over time, reduce the distress they cause.
Effectiveness of EMDR
EMDR has been accepted by the American Psychiatric Association, the World Health Organization, and the Department of Defense among others, as effective treatment for post-traumatic stress. Several controlled studies have shown that it is an effective treatment for trauma and other disturbing experiences. Research has shown that EMDR can significantly reduce the symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Moreover, it can be particularly useful for people who struggle to talk about their past experiences.
Conclusion
Despite the abundance of scientific support, the precise mechanisms of EMDR remain a subject of ongoing research. The therapy combines several elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy with eye movements or other forms of rhythmic, left-right stimulation, such as hand taps or sounds. It has indeed shown to be an effective method of treating individuals with trauma and a range of other psychological issues.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is EMDR only for trauma?
While primarily used to treat PTSD, research increasingly supports its use for a broader range of psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, and specific phobias.
How long does EMDR treatment take?
EMDR treatment duration varies depending on the complexity of the issues being dealt with. In some cases, individuals can experience benefits after a few sessions, while individuals with multiple or complex traumas may require more Therapeutic sessions.
Does EMDR permanently eliminate symptoms?
EMDR helps individuals process and make sense of their traumatic experiences, aiming to lessen their impacts significantly. As with other types of therapies, the symptoms can potentially return, especially if the individual encounters new traumatic experiences.
